Jumping Rope as a Tool in Boxing Training

Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti model uporabe kolebnice pri treningu boksa, predstaviti in opisati različne poskoke, ki jih lahko izvajamo s kolebnico pri treningu boksa, in predstaviti primer vadbene enote z uporabo kolebnice pri treningu boksa. Diplomsko delo je monografskega tipa, pri pisanju smo uporabili slovensko in angleško literaturo ter izkušnje pridobljene tekom študija. Boks je dinamični šport, pri katerem sta boksarja med borbo v boksarskem položaju, z nogami pa v stalnem gibanju. Zato se od boksarja zahteva razvitost vseh gibalnih in funkcionalnih sposobnosti. Med treningom boksa se uporabljajo različni pripomočki. Nepogrešljiva med njimi pa je kolebnica, ki učinkovito posnema gibalne vzorce boksarja. Učinkovito razvija anaerobno energijo za 3-minutne runde in aerobno energijo za 12 rund borbe. Skakanje s kolebnico je preprosto. Lahko jo vzamemo kamorkoli in skačemo kjerkoli. Pri vadbi se vključujejo mišice nog in rok, izboljša se vzdržljivost v rokah, prsih in hrbtu, razvija se ravnotežje, agilnost in reakcijski čas. Skakanje s kolebnico izboljša koordinacijo oko – roka – noga. Poznamo dve osnovni tehniki skakanja s kolebnico. To sta sonožni poskok in poskok z izmeničnim odrivom. Ko osvojimo osnovni tehniki, pa lahko napredujemo na ostale različne tehnike in težavnosti skakanja. Preskakovanje kolebnice je sestavljeno iz treh delov: iz faze obremenitve mišic, faze leta in faze pristanka. Med preskakovanjem kolebnice moramo biti pozorni na pravilno izvedbo poskoka, saj drugače lahko pride do nezaželenih poškodb.The purpose of the paper is to present a model for using a jump rope in boxing trainingfurthermore, it also presents and describes different skips that can be performed with the jump rope during a boxing training as well as introduces an example of an exercise unit in boxing training involving a jump rope. The paper is written in a monograph format and uses Slovene and English literature as well as experience gained during our studies. Boxing is a dynamic sport where two boxers maintain a boxing position during a fight while their feet are in constant movement. Boxers must have highly developed agility and function skills and they use many tools during their training. Jump rope is an indispensable part of their training routine and it efficiently mimics the boxer\u27s movement patterns. It effectively develops anaerobic energy for 3-minute rounds and aerobic energy for 12 rounds of fighting. Jumping with a jump rope is easyfurthermore, this tool is easy to transfer and can be used anywhere. Jump rope exercises activate leg and arm muscles, improve the endurance of the arms, chest and back as well as help improve balance, agility and reaction time. What is more, rope jumping improves eyes-hand-leg coordination. There are two basic techniques for jumping with a jump rope: jumping with both feet and the jogging step. After mastering the basic jumping skips, there are other techniques and levels of difficulty. Jumping rope consists of three parts: load phase, flight phase and landing phase. In order to prevent unwanted injuries, special attention should be given to performing the skips correctly

Influence of PVA emulsion on leaching of boron and copper from wood and efficacy on wood decay fungi

Borove spojine učinkovito delujejo proti glivam razkrojevalkam, a se na žalost v vlažnem okolju izpirajo iz lesa. Z namenom doseči čim boljšo vezavo v les, smo borovo kislino, boraks in bakrov(II) sulfat pentahidrat kombinirali s polivinil acetatno (PVA) emulzijo. Z izbranimi pripravki smo impregnirali vzorce smreke (Picea abies) in jih izpostavili trem različnim glivam razkrojevalkam lesa (Antrodia vaillantii, Gloeophyllum trabeum in Trametes versicolor) po postopku mini blok. Del impregniranih vzorcev smo izpirali v skladu s standardom SIST EN 1250-2. Ugotovili smo, da dodatek PVA-emulzije rahlo izboljša vezavo borovih in bakrovih ionov v les. Smrekovina, impregnirana s pripravki z najnižjo koncentracijo borovih učinkovin (cB = 0,1 %), je odporna na vse testne glive, medtem ko je les, zaščiten z raztopinami na osnovi bakra, dobro zaščiten pred glivama Gloeophyllum trabeum in Trametes versicolor in neustrezno zaščiten pred glivo Antrodia vaillantii. Dodatek emulzije PVA že sam po sebi nekoliko zavre delovanje gliv in izboljša delovanje bakrovih in borovih učinkovin.Boron compounds are very effective fungicides, but they leach from wood in wet environments, unfortunately. In order to improve boron fixation, boric acid, borax and copper(II) sulphate were combined with polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PVA). Selected preservative solutions were chosen for impregnation of Norway spruce wood specimens (Picea abies). Wood blocks were exposed to three wood decay fungi Antrodia vaillantii, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Trametes versicolor according to the mini block procedure. Part of impregnated specimens was leached according to the EN 1250-2 procedure. The results showed that addition of PVA emulsion slightly improves copper and boron fixation. Spruce wood impregnated with the lowest concentration of boron based solutions (cB = 0.1%) was found resistant against tested fungi. In contrast, wood blocks impregnated with copper were sufficiently protected against G. trabeum and T. versicolor but not against A. vaillantii. Furthermore, PVA itself has a negative impact on fungal growth, and it improves performance of boron and copper based aqueous solutions

Utjecaj polietilenske i oksidirane polietilenske voštane emulzije na dinamiku ispiranja borne kiseline iz impregnirane smrekovine

Boron biocides belong to the most frequently used ingredients of commercial wood preservatives. They are very effective fungicides and insecticides, but they do not react with wood and thus leach from it in wet applications. This fact signifi cantly limits use of boron compounds in the field of wood preservation. In order to reduce leaching of boric acid, the emulsion of polyethylene (WE1) and an emulsion of oxidized polyethylene (WE6) wax were combined with boric acid (cB = 0.1 % or 0.5 % of boron). Spruce wood specimens were vacuum impregnated and afterwards leached according to the prCEN/TS 15119-1, EN 1250-2 and EN 84 procedures. The results showed that the boron leaching is predominantly infl uenced by moisture content of wood during leaching, and furthermore by the concentration gradient (frequency of water replacement). The fact that the prCEN/TS 15119-1 leaching procedure is less severe than other two methods is also refl ected in the results. The results of the EN 84 and ENV 1250 test are comparable, while the results of the prCEN/TS 15119-1 testing are not in line with the other two methods. Considerable portions of boron are leached from wood in the first leaching cycles, already. WE6 wax emulsion (oxidized polyethylene wax emulsion) in combination with heat treatment reduces boron leaching to a certain extent. On the other hand, impregnation of wood with WE1 (polyethylene wax emulsion) does not reduce it and it even enhances it.Biocidi bora pripadaju najčešće upotrebljavanim sastojcima komercijalnih zaštitinih sredstava za drvo. Vrlo su učinkovita zaštita od gljiva i insekata, no ne vežu se s drvom i stoga su skloni ispiranju iz drva, posebno kada se takvo drvo primjenjuje u vlažnim uvjetima. Ta činjenica znatno ograničava upotrebu spojeva bora na području zaštite drva. U nastojanju da se smanji ispiranje borne kiseline, polietilenska emulzija (WE1) i oksidirana polietilenska voštana emulzija (WE6) kombinirane su s bornom kiselinom (cB = 0,1 ili 0,5 % bora). Uzorci smrekovine vakuumski su impregnirani i nakon toga ispirani prema procedurama opisanim u prCEN/TS 15119-1, EN 1250-2 i EN 84. Rezultati su pokazali da na ispiranje bora najviše utječe sadržaj vode u drvu tijekom ispiranja, a zatim gradijent koncentracije (frekvencija zamjene vode). Činjenica da je testiranje ispiranja prema proceduri prCEN/TS 15119-1 manje strogo od druge dvije metode odražava se i na rezultate ispitivanja. Rezultati ispitivanja prema procedurama EN 84 i ENV 1250 usporedivi su, dok se rezultati prema proceduri testiranja prCEN/TS 15119-1 ne mogu usporediti s rezultatima dobivenim drugim dvjema metodama. Znatan dio bora iz impregniranog drva ispire se već u prvom ciklusu ispiranja. WE6 emulzija (oksidirana polietilenska voštana emulzija) u kombinaciji s termičkom obradom donekle smanjuje ispiranje bora. Nasuprot tome, impregnacija drva s WE1 (polietilenskom emulzijom) ne smanjuje već, naprotiv, pojačava ispiranje bora

Utjecaj polietilenske i oksidirane polietilenske voštane emulzije na dinamiku ispiranja borne kiseline iz impregnirane smrekovine

Boron biocides belong to the most frequently used ingredients of commercial wood preservatives. They are very effective fungicides and insecticides, but they do not react with wood and thus leach from it in wet applications. This fact signifi cantly limits use of boron compounds in the field of wood preservation. In order to reduce leaching of boric acid, the emulsion of polyethylene (WE1) and an emulsion of oxidized polyethylene (WE6) wax were combined with boric acid (cB = 0.1 % or 0.5 % of boron). Spruce wood specimens were vacuum impregnated and afterwards leached according to the prCEN/TS 15119-1, EN 1250-2 and EN 84 procedures. The results showed that the boron leaching is predominantly infl uenced by moisture content of wood during leaching, and furthermore by the concentration gradient (frequency of water replacement). The fact that the prCEN/TS 15119-1 leaching procedure is less severe than other two methods is also refl ected in the results. The results of the EN 84 and ENV 1250 test are comparable, while the results of the prCEN/TS 15119-1 testing are not in line with the other two methods. Considerable portions of boron are leached from wood in the first leaching cycles, already. WE6 wax emulsion (oxidized polyethylene wax emulsion) in combination with heat treatment reduces boron leaching to a certain extent. On the other hand, impregnation of wood with WE1 (polyethylene wax emulsion) does not reduce it and it even enhances it.Biocidi bora pripadaju najčešće upotrebljavanim sastojcima komercijalnih zaštitinih sredstava za drvo. Vrlo su učinkovita zaštita od gljiva i insekata, no ne vežu se s drvom i stoga su skloni ispiranju iz drva, posebno kada se takvo drvo primjenjuje u vlažnim uvjetima. Ta činjenica znatno ograničava upotrebu spojeva bora na području zaštite drva. U nastojanju da se smanji ispiranje borne kiseline, polietilenska emulzija (WE1) i oksidirana polietilenska voštana emulzija (WE6) kombinirane su s bornom kiselinom (cB = 0,1 ili 0,5 % bora). Uzorci smrekovine vakuumski su impregnirani i nakon toga ispirani prema procedurama opisanim u prCEN/TS 15119-1, EN 1250-2 i EN 84. Rezultati su pokazali da na ispiranje bora najviše utječe sadržaj vode u drvu tijekom ispiranja, a zatim gradijent koncentracije (frekvencija zamjene vode). Činjenica da je testiranje ispiranja prema proceduri prCEN/TS 15119-1 manje strogo od druge dvije metode odražava se i na rezultate ispitivanja. Rezultati ispitivanja prema procedurama EN 84 i ENV 1250 usporedivi su, dok se rezultati prema proceduri testiranja prCEN/TS 15119-1 ne mogu usporediti s rezultatima dobivenim drugim dvjema metodama. Znatan dio bora iz impregniranog drva ispire se već u prvom ciklusu ispiranja. WE6 emulzija (oksidirana polietilenska voštana emulzija) u kombinaciji s termičkom obradom donekle smanjuje ispiranje bora. Nasuprot tome, impregnacija drva s WE1 (polietilenskom emulzijom) ne smanjuje već, naprotiv, pojačava ispiranje bora

Testing of Concrete Abrasion Resistance in Hydraulic Structures on the Lower Sava River

The paper deals with the issues of resistance of concrete linings to long-term abrasion loading caused by waterborne particles, particularly for the proposed hydro power plants on the Sava River in Slovenia. The main purpose of the research work was to define the possibility of forecasting the process of concrete lining wear on the Sava River dam structures based on the standard procedures of abrasion resistance testing. Abrasion resistance of concrete has been researched in accordance with the standard ASTM C 1138 and Böhme (DIN 52108) methods. The research work was based on a comparison between laboratory results and measurements of abrasion resistance of concrete under natural conditions by performing test plots in the stilling basin of the Vrhovo HPP. Concrete composites with different mechanical properties have been analysed within the research programme. The analysis showed a qualitative similarity of the level of concrete abrasion between laboratory simulations and measurements in the field, as well as suitability of the ASTM C 1138 laboratory method for the assessment of\ud abrasion resistance of concretes in the spillway of the HPP chain on the Lower Sava River

News Cohesiveness: an Indicator of Systemic Risk in Financial Markets

Motivated by recent financial crises significant research efforts have been put into studying contagion effects and herding behaviour in financial markets. Much less has been said about influence of financial news on financial markets. We propose a novel measure of collective behaviour in financial news on the Web, News Cohesiveness Index (NCI), and show that it can be used as a systemic risk indicator. We evaluate the NCI on financial documents from large Web news sources on a daily basis from October 2011 to July 2013 and analyse the interplay between financial markets and financially related news. We hypothesized that strong cohesion in financial news reflects movements in the financial markets. Cohesiveness is more general and robust measure of systemic risk expressed in news, than measures based on simple occurrences of specific terms. Our results indicate that cohesiveness in the financial news is highly correlated with and driven by volatility on the financial markets

Comparison of standard procedures for estimation of biocides leaching from impregnated wood

Izpiranje aktivnih učinkovin iz impregniranega lesa je eden izmed najpomembnejših kriterijev za presojanje uporabnosti zaščitnih pripravkov za zaščito lesa na prostem. V te namene uporabljamo več različnih standardnih in nestandardnih postopkov: SIST EN 84, SIST EN V 1250-2 in priporočilo OEC D. V sklopu te raziskave smo med seboj primerjali izpiranje bakrovih in borovih spojin iz lesa, zaščitenega s pripravki: (a) vodno raztopino bakrovega sulfata, (b) bakeretanolaminskim komercialnim pripravkom Silvanolin, (c) vodno raztopino borove kisline in (d) kombinacijo borove kisline in vodne emulzije voska montana. Globinsko impregnirane vzorce smo izpirali in določili delež izpranega Cu in B. Največji delež biocidov smo izprali iz lesa zmetodo SIST EN 84, najmanj pa z metodo OEC D. Kakorkoli, z vsemi testiranimi metodami smo prišli do istega vrstnega reda pripravkov glede na delež izpranih aktivnih učinkovin iz lesa.Leaching of active ingredients from impregnated wood is one of the most frequently applied criteria for assessing the suitability of impregnated wood to be used in outdoor applications. For this purposes, several standard and nonstandard procedures are applied. Within the framework of this research, leaching of copper and boron compounds from wood, impregnated with four different wood preservatives, were compared: (a) aqueous solution of copper sulphate, (b) commercial copper-ethanolamine based solution Silvanolin, (c) aqueous solution of boric acid and, (d) combination of boric acid and montanic wax emulsion. Pressure impregnated specimens were afterwards leached according to the three different standards: SIST EN 84, SIST EN 1250 and OECD recommendation. The highest portion of leached biocides were determined according to the SIST EN 84 procedure, the lowest portion according to OECD recommendation. All three methods applied, however give us the same ranking of wood preservatives regarding the amount of emitted active ingredients

Numerical Study of Membrane Configurations

We studied biological membranes of spherical topology within the framework of the spontaneous curvature model. Both Monte Carlo simulations and the numerical minimization of the curvature energy were used to obtain the shapes of the vesicles. The shapes of the vesicles and their energy were calculated for different values of the reduced volume. The vesicles which exhibit in-plane ordering were also studied. Minimal models have been developed in order to study the orientational ordering in colloids coated with a thin sheet of nematic liquid crystal (nematic shells). The topological defects are always present on the surfaces with the topology of a sphere. The location of the topological defects depends strongly on the curvature of the surface. We studied the nematic ordering and the formation of topological defects on vesicles obtained by the minimization of the spontaneous curvature energy

Determination of the Strength of Adhesion between Lipid Vesicles

A commonly used method to determine the strength of adhesion between adhering lipid vesicles is measuring their effective contact angle from experimental images. The aim of this paper is to estimate the interobserver variations in vesicles effective contact angle measurements and to propose a new method for estimating the strength of membrane vesicle adhesion. Theoretical model shows for the old and for the new measure a monotonic dependence on the strength of adhesion. Results obtained by both measuring techniques show statistically significant correlation and high interobserver reliability for both methods. Therefore the conventional method of measuring the effective contact angle gives qualitatively relevant results as the measure of the lipid vesicle adhesion. However, the new measuring technique provides a lower variation of the measured values than the conventional measures using the effective contact angle. Moreover, obtaining the adhesion angle can be automatized more easily than obtaining the effective contact angle